Statut pour la Guyane française
Lemée, A. 1952. Flore de la Guyane française. Tome II. Podostemonacées à Sterculiacées. Paul Lechevalier, Paris. -viii + 398 pp. [GF = P]

 

Statut pour la Guyane française
Cuatrecasas, J. 1964. Cacao and its allies. A taxonomic revision of the genus Theobroma. Contribution from the United States National Herbarium, 35(6): 379-614. [GF = N]

 

Statut pour la Nouvelle-Calédonie
Mackee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Deuxième édition. Flore de Nouvelle-Calédonie et Dépendances. Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. Hors-série: 164 pp. [NC = ]

 

Statut pour la Guadeloupe
Fournet, J. 2002. Flore illustrée des phanérogames de Guadeloupe et de Martinique. Nouvelle édition revue et augmentée. CIRAD, Montpellier - Gondwana Editions, La Trinité. 2538 pp. [GUA = M]

 

Statut pour la Martinique
Fournet, J. 2002. Flore illustrée des phanérogames de Guadeloupe et de Martinique. Nouvelle édition revue et augmentée. CIRAD, Montpellier - Gondwana Editions, La Trinité. 2538 pp. [MAR = M]

 

Statut pour Saint-Barthélemy
Fournet, J. 2002. Flore illustrée des phanérogames de Guadeloupe et de Martinique. Nouvelle édition revue et augmentée. CIRAD, Montpellier - Gondwana Editions, La Trinité. 2538 pp. [SB = A]

 

Statut pour Saint-Martin
Fournet, J. 2002. Flore illustrée des phanérogames de Guadeloupe et de Martinique. Nouvelle édition revue et augmentée. CIRAD, Montpellier - Gondwana Editions, La Trinité. 2538 pp. [SM = A]

 

Statut pour la Polynésie française
Florence, J. 2004. Flore de la Polynesie francaise: volume 2. IRD éditions, Paris. 503 pp. [PF = M]

 

Statut pour la Guyane française
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Prévost, M.-F., Frame, D., Gonzalez, S. & Bilot-Guérin, V. 2009. Etablissement d'une liste des espèces d'arbres de la Guyane Française - Rapport final. Ministère de l'Agriculture et de la Pêche, IRD, UMR AMAP - Herbier de Guyane, Cayenne-Montpellier. 59 pp. [GF = ]

 

Statut pour la Nouvelle-Calédonie
Hequet, V., Le Corre, M., Rigault, F. & Blanfort, V. 2009. Les Espèces Exotiques Envahissantes de Nouvelle-Calédonie. IRD, AMAP, Nouméa. 87 pp. [NC = ]

 

Statut pour la Nouvelle-Calédonie
Hequet, V. & Le Corre, M. 2010. Révision du catalogue des plantes introduites de H.S. MacKee (1994). Rapport expertise, IRD, Nouméa. 219 pp. [NC = ]

 

Statut pour la Guyane française
Ter Steege, H., Vaessen, R. W., Cárdenas-López, D., Sabatier, D., Antonelli, A., De Oliveira, S. M., Pitman, N. C. A., Møller Jørgensen, P. & Salomão, R. P. 2016. The discovery of the Amazonian tree flora with an updated checklist of all known tree taxa. Scientific Reports, 6. [GF = ]

 

Statut pour la Guyane française
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P. G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E. J. & Martin, C. A. 2022. An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, 44(26): 345-903. [GF = I]

 

Analyses moléculaires
Bossa‐Castro, A., Colli‐silva, M., Pirani, J., Whitlock, B., Morales mancera, L., Contreras‐ortiz, N., Cepeda‐hernández, M., Di palma, F., Vives, M. & Richardson, J. 2024. A phylogenetic framework to study desirable traits in the wild relatives of Theobroma cacao (Malvaceae). Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 62(5): 963-978.

 

Taxonomie
Colli-silva, M., Richardson, J., Bossa-castro, A. & Pirani, J. 2024. Phylogenetic evidence reshapes the taxonomy of Cacao and its allies (Theobroma and Herrania; Malvaceae, Byttnerioideae). Brittonia, 76(1): 53-61.

 

Source de la synonymie (de Cacao minus Gaertn., 1791)
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P. G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E. J. & Martin, C. A. 2022. An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, 44(26): 345-903. [CD_REF = 447630] Theobroma cacao L., 1753

 

Source de la synonymie (de Cacao sativa Aubl., 1775)
Cuatrecasas, J. 1964. Cacao and its allies. A taxonomic revision of the genus Theobroma. Contribution from the United States National Herbarium, 35(6): 379-614. [CD_REF = 447630] Theobroma cacao L., 1753

 

Source de la synonymie (de Cacao sativa Aubl., 1775)
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P. G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E. J. & Martin, C. A. 2022. An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, 44(26): 345-903. [CD_REF = 447630] Theobroma cacao L., 1753

 

Source de la synonymie (de Cacao sativa Lam., 1785)
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P. G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E. J. & Martin, C. A. 2022. An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, 44(26): 345-903. [CD_REF = 447630] Theobroma cacao L., 1753

 

Source de la synonymie (de Cacao theobroma Tussac, 1808)
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P. G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E. J. & Martin, C. A. 2022. An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, 44(26): 345-903. [CD_REF = 447630] Theobroma cacao L., 1753

 

Source de la synonymie (de Theobroma cacao f. leiocarpum (Bernoulli) Ducke, 1940)
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P. G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E. J. & Martin, C. A. 2022. An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, 44(26): 345-903. [CD_REF = 447630] Theobroma cacao L., 1753

 

Source de la synonymie (de Theobroma cacao f. pentagonum (Bernoulli) Ducke, 1940)
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P. G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E. J. & Martin, C. A. 2022. An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, 44(26): 345-903. [CD_REF = 447630] Theobroma cacao L., 1753

 

Taxonomie (de Theobroma cacao L., 1753 subsp. cacao)
Cuatrecasas, J. 1964. Cacao and its allies. A taxonomic revision of the genus Theobroma. Contribution from the United States National Herbarium, 35(6): 379-614.

 

Source de la synonymie (de Theobroma cacao subsp. leiocarpum (Bernoulli) Cuatrec., 1956)
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P. G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E. J. & Martin, C. A. 2022. An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, 44(26): 345-903. [CD_REF = 447630] Theobroma cacao L., 1753

 

Source de la synonymie (de Theobroma cacao subsp. pentagonum (Bernoulli) Léon, 1960)
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P. G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E. J. & Martin, C. A. 2022. An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, 44(26): 345-903. [CD_REF = 447630] Theobroma cacao L., 1753

 

Source de la synonymie (de Theobroma cacao subsp. sativum Léon, 1960)
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P. G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E. J. & Martin, C. A. 2022. An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, 44(26): 345-903. [CD_REF = 447630] Theobroma cacao L., 1753

 

Statut pour la Guyane française (de Theobroma cacao subsp. sphaerocarpum (A.Chev.) Cuatrec., 1964)
Cuatrecasas, J. 1964. Cacao and its allies. A taxonomic revision of the genus Theobroma. Contribution from the United States National Herbarium, 35(6): 379-614. [GF = N]

 

Statut pour la Guyane française (de Theobroma cacao subsp. sphaerocarpum (A.Chev.) Cuatrec., 1964)
Funk, V., Hollowell, T., Berry, P., Kelloff, C. & Alexander, S. N. 2007. Checklist of the Plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, 55: 1-580. [GF = N]

 

Source de la synonymie (de Theobroma cacao subsp. sphaerocarpum (A.Chev.) Cuatrec., 1964)
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P. G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E. J. & Martin, C. A. 2022. An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, 44(26): 345-903. [CD_REF = 447630] Theobroma cacao L., 1753

 

Source de la synonymie (de Theobroma cacao var. leiocarpum (Bernoulli) Cif., 1933)
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P. G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E. J. & Martin, C. A. 2022. An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, 44(26): 345-903. [CD_REF = 447630] Theobroma cacao L., 1753

 

Source de la synonymie (de Theobroma cacao var. typicum Cif., 1933)
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P. G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E. J. & Martin, C. A. 2022. An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, 44(26): 345-903. [CD_REF = 447630] Theobroma cacao L., 1753

 

Source de la synonymie (de Theobroma caribaeum Sweet, 1830)
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P. G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E. J. & Martin, C. A. 2022. An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, 44(26): 345-903. [CD_REF = 447630] Theobroma cacao L., 1753

 

Source de la synonymie (de Theobroma integerrimum Stokes, 1812)
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P. G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E. J. & Martin, C. A. 2022. An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, 44(26): 345-903. [CD_REF = 447630] Theobroma cacao L., 1753

 

Source de la synonymie (de Theobroma kalagua De Wild., 1899)
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P. G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E. J. & Martin, C. A. 2022. An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, 44(26): 345-903. [CD_REF = 447630] Theobroma cacao L., 1753

 

Source de la synonymie (de Theobroma leiocarpum Bernoulli, 1869)
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P. G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E. J. & Martin, C. A. 2022. An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, 44(26): 345-903. [CD_REF = 447630] Theobroma cacao L., 1753

 

Source de la synonymie (de Theobroma minus (Gaertn.) A.Chev., 1946)
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P. G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E. J. & Martin, C. A. 2022. An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, 44(26): 345-903. [CD_REF = 447630] Theobroma cacao L., 1753

 

Source de la synonymie (de Theobroma pentagonum Bernoulli, 1869)
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P. G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E. J. & Martin, C. A. 2022. An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, 44(26): 345-903. [CD_REF = 447630] Theobroma cacao L., 1753

 

Source de la synonymie (de Theobroma saltzmannianum Bernoulli, 1869)
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P. G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E. J. & Martin, C. A. 2022. An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, 44(26): 345-903. [CD_REF = 447630] Theobroma cacao L., 1753

 

Source de la synonymie (de Theobroma sapidum Pittier, 1932)
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P. G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E. J. & Martin, C. A. 2022. An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, 44(26): 345-903. [CD_REF = 447630] Theobroma cacao L., 1753

 

Source de la synonymie (de Theobroma sativum var. leucospermum A.Chev., 1946)
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P. G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E. J. & Martin, C. A. 2022. An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, 44(26): 345-903. [CD_REF = 447630] Theobroma cacao L., 1753

 

Source de la synonymie (de Theobroma sativum var. melanospermum A.Chev., 1946)
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P. G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E. J. & Martin, C. A. 2022. An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, 44(26): 345-903. [CD_REF = 447630] Theobroma cacao L., 1753

 

Source de la synonymie (de Theobroma sativum Lign. & Le Bey, 1905)
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P. G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E. J. & Martin, C. A. 2022. An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, 44(26): 345-903. [CD_REF = 447630] Theobroma cacao L., 1753

 

Source de la synonymie (de Theobroma sphaerocarpum A.Chev., 1908)
Funk, V., Hollowell, T., Berry, P., Kelloff, C. & Alexander, S. N. 2007. Checklist of the Plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, 55: 1-580. [CD_REF = 850658] Theobroma cacao subsp. sphaerocarpum (A.Chev.) Cuatrec., 1964

 

Source de la synonymie (de Theobroma sphaerocarpum A.Chev., 1908)
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P. G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E. J. & Martin, C. A. 2022. An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, 44(26): 345-903. [CD_REF = 447630] Theobroma cacao L., 1753

 

Date de publication : Sp. Pl., 2: 782. 1753 [01/05/1753, fide TL-2, 4769].

Statut biogéographique : D'après Molino et al. (Adansonia, 44(26): [345-]559[-903]. 13/12/2022): "Probably introduced to French Guiana by pre-Columbian Amerindians. It is now naturalised on or near archaeological sites in southern French Guiana."

Type : "Habitat in America meridionali, Antillis." [protologue].
Jamaïque, "planted here very frequently", H. Sloane s.n. (LT: illustration de "Cacao" t. 160 in Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, 2: 15. 1725 [fide TL-2, 12104] [désigné par Dorr in Jarvis & al. (ed.), Regnum Veg., 127: 93. 1993]; TT: BM000589108 [ex hb. Sloane 5: 59; illustration: BM000589107]).
D'après The Linnean Plant Name Typification Project: "Cuatrecasas (in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 35(6): 385, 496, 508, 513. 1964) designated the flowers and leaves in Herb. Sloane 5: 59 (BM-SL) as lectotype, with a Tournefort illustration (not cited in Linnaeus' protologue) as a "Fruit-lectotype". As Linnaeus would not have seen the flowers themselves, they cannot be original material for the name. However, Dorr has formally designated Sloane's illustration as lectotype, with Sloane's material (the basis for the illustration) as typotype."